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Women and children first? Maybe
Whether it is “Women and children first” or “Every man for himself” in a
shipwreck may depend on how long it takes the ship to sink, researchers
said Monday.
When the Lusitania was torpedoed by a German U-boat in 1915, it sank in
18 minutes and the bulk of survivors were young men and women who
responded immediately to their powerful survival instincts.
But when the Titanic struck an iceberg in 1912, it took three hours to
go down, allowing time for more civilized instincts to take control. —
and the bulk of the survivors were women, children and people with young
children.
Economist Benno Torgler of the Queensland University of Technology in
Australia and his colleagues studied the two sinkings in order to
explore the economic theory that people generally behave in a rational
and selfish manner. The two tragedies provided a “natural experiment”
for testing the idea, because the passengers on the two ships were quite
similar in terms of gender and wealth.
The primary difference was how long it took the ships to sink.
Reporting in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, the
researchers found that, on the Titanic, children had a 14.8% higher
probability of surviving than a man, a person accompanying a child had a
19.6% higher probability and women had more than a 50% higher
probability.
On the Lusitania, in contrast, fit young men and women were the most
likely to make it into the lifeboats.
Social class was also important. On the Titanic, first-class passengers
were about 44% more likely to survive, while on the Lusitania,
passengers from steerage were more likely to emerge safely.
The authors considered other possible complicating factors, but
concluded that the most likely reason for the differences was the amount
of time passengers had to effect escape.
They suggested that when people have little time to react, gut instincts
may rule. When more time is available, social influences play a bigger
role.
Ed Kamuda, president of the Titanic Historical Society in Indian
Orchard, Mass., agreed with their conclusion that the very different
circumstances of the wrecks could have affected people’s behavior. “The
Lusitania sank so quickly, and half of the lifeboats couldn’t even be
used,” he said. “The younger crowd would be able to make it into the
boats, could jump into them as they swung away from the ship. The
Titanic was pretty well on an even keel, and they had all sorts of
time.”
But psychologists noted that many factors other than following social
norms could come into play in a disaster, including an evolutionary
imperative to save the species, attachments that are formed between
individuals during the event and the leadership of authority figures.
The extent of altruism and how it occurs “is a very controversial
issue,” said Anthony R. Mawson, a professor of preventive medicine at
the University of Mississippi Medical Center. “I surmise that the
dominant response was affiliation/attachment behavior.”
In a rapid event, such as the Lusitania sinking, attachments would have
been to people the passengers already knew. But when a disaster is
spread out over hours, as was the case with the Titanic, “people who had
previously been complete strangers become the equivalent of loved
ones,” Mawson said.
Psychologist Daniel Kruger of the University of Michigan thinks that the
answer lies less in social norms and more in our evolutionary heritage.
Human beings have a deep instinct to preserve our kind, he said, and
that means “people are more likely to save those who have higher
reproductive value, namely the young and women in child-bearing years.”
Kruger also stressed the importance of leadership during an emergency,
noting that the Titanic’s captain appeared to exert greater control than
the Lusitania’s. He compared the sinkings to the recent ditching of US
Airways Flight 1549 into the Hudson River. In that case, Capt. Chesley
B. “Sully” Sullenberger was firmly in control and his edict that women
and children should exit first was followed, even though the plane was
in imminent danger of sinking.
“People might be in a state of panic, but if they are reassured there is
a system in place, they might be more likely to go along with
contingency plans,” Kruger said.
The researchers’ theory may fit well for the Titanic and Lusitania, but
may not be generalizable.
Kamuda pointed to two other disasters, the 1873 sinking of the Atlantic
on rocks off the coast of Halifax, and the 1914 sinking of the Empress
of Ireland in the St. Lawrence River after it was hit by another ship.
Both events took about an hour. But not a single woman and only one
child survived the Atlantic disaster, while the majority of survivors
from the Empress were women.
